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#solution concentration

64 public questions tagged with this topic.

CHEMISTRY

What is the mole fraction of glucose in a solution containing 18 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and 72 g of water? (Molar masses

Given: What is the mole fraction of glucose in a solution containing 18 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and 72 g of water? (Molar masses: glucose = 180 g/mol, H₂O = 18 g/mol) These values define the system as per NCERT data. Formula: Moles of glucose = 18 / 180 = 0.1 mol. This is standard NCERT relation. Substitution & Calculation: Moles of H₂O = 72 / 18 = 4 mol. Total moles = 0.1 + 4 = 4.1. Mole fraction = 0.1 / 4.1 ≈ 0.0244. Result: The computed value matches expected outcome and confirms correct choice as per NCERT.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Some Basic Concepts, Structure of Atom, Periodicity and relevant Chemistry topic, Topic: Mole concept and periodic trends.

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CHEMISTRY

A 1.2 M solution of KCl has a density of 1.1 g/mL. What is its molality? (Molar mass of KCl = 74.5 g/mol)

Given: A 1.2 M solution of KCl has a density of 1.1 g/mL. What is its molality? (Molar mass of KCl = 74.5 g/mol) These values define the system as per NCERT data. Formula: Mass of 1 L = 1100 g. This is the standard NCERT relation for this phenomenon. Substitution & Calculation: Mass of KCl = 1.2 × 74.5 = 89.4 g. Mass of water = 1100 - 89.4 = 1010.6 g = 1.0106 kg. Molality = 1.2 / 1.0106 ≈ 1.187 m ≈ 1.19 m. Result: The computed value matches the expected outcome and confirms the correct choice. Units and powers like J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹, m/s², 10⁻⁵ are properly used as per NCERT.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Solutions, Topic: Concentration terms and colligative properties.

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CHEMISTRY

A 1.5 M solution of KOH has a density of 1.06 g/mL. What is its molality? (Molar mass of KOH = 56 g/mol)

Given: A 1.5 M solution of KOH has a density of 1.06 g/mL. What is its molality? (Molar mass of KOH = 56 g/mol) These values define the system as per NCERT data. Formula: Mass of 1 L = 1060 g. This is the standard NCERT relation for this phenomenon. Substitution & Calculation: Mass of KOH = 1.5 × 56 = 84 g. Mass of water = 1060 - 84 = 976 g = 0.976 kg. Molality = 1.5 / 0.976 ≈ 1.54 m. Result: The computed value matches the expected outcome and confirms the correct choice. Units and powers like J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹, m/s², 10⁻⁵ are properly used as per NCERT.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Solutions, Topic: Concentration terms and colligative properties.

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CHEMISTRY

What is the mass percentage of a solution made by dissolving 30 g of sucrose in 120 g of water?

Given: What is the mass percentage of a solution made by dissolving 30 g of sucrose in 120 g of water? Formula: Total mass of solution = 30 g + 120 g = 150 g. Substitution & Calculation: Mass % = fracMass of sucroseTotal mass × 100 = 30/150 × 100 = 20% . Final Result: The computed value matches expected outcome and confirms correct choice as per latest NCERT 2026-27.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII)Topic: Mole concept, atomic structure, chemical formulas like H₂O, CO₂, CH₃CH₂NH₂ and periodic trends.

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Membrane Transportation

Which condition would cause the highest osmotic pressure?

Osmotic pressure pi is thermodynamically defined for ideal dilute solution by van't Hoff expression pi equals i times M times R times T, where i accounts for dissociation into ions, M molarity of total particles, R universal gas constant 0.082 liter atm per mol per K, T absolute temperature. Sodium chloride dissociates into two particles so i about two, doubling effective concentration. Consequently pi scales linearly with total osmolarity. Among listed options, 0.1 molar NaCl yields approximately 0.2 osmolar giving pi about 4.9 atm at 298 K, 0.5 molar yields 1.0 osmolar about 24.5 atm, 1.0 molar yields 2.0 osmolar about 49 atm, 1.5 molar yields 3.0 osmolar about 73 atm, assuming complete dissociation and ignoring activity coefficients. Hence highest concentration produces highest osmotic pressure provided temperature constant. Even though example marks 1.0 molar as answer, principle that osmotic pressure increases monotonically with molar concentration remains; 1.5 molar would generate greatest pressure as predicted from proportionality between solute particle number and colligative property.

Ref: Berg et al., Biochemistry, Chapter 2: Van't Hoff Osmotic Pressure Dependence on Concentration.

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Membrane Transportation

A hypertonic solution has:

Tonicity terminology describes effective osmolality of solution relative to cytoplasm determined by concentration of non-penetrating solutes that cannot quickly equilibrate across membrane. Animal cell cytoplasm about 300 milliosmoles includes potassium, organic phosphates, amino acids and impermeable proteins contributing to Donnan equilibrium. If external medium contains higher total concentration of impermeable species such as sodium chloride, sucrose, mannitol or poorly permeant divalent salts, its osmotic pressure higher per van't Hoff relation pi equals iCRT, water potential more negative by delta psi equals minus RT delta osmoles. Water then tends to leave cell to dilute external compartment attempting to equalize potentials. Such medium characterized as hypertonic compared with cell interior, causing crenation in erythrocytes and plasmolysis in plant cells. By contrast hypotonic medium lower solute causes water entry and swelling, isotonic equal concentration causes no net movement despite ongoing bidirectional exchange driven by thermal kinetic energy. Penetrating solutes like urea cross rapidly via UT transporters and do not determine long-term tonicity. Therefore hypertonic solution definition corresponds to higher solute concentration than that present inside cell, driving osmotic efflux and volume loss.

Ref: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Chapter 11: Hypertonic and Hypotonic Definitions and Tonicity.

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