Focuses on stereoisomerism, including geometrical (cis-trans) and optical (enantiomers) isomerism, and how these differences impact molecular properties.
Homolytic cleavage under UV light splits C-Br equally, forming CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂· (butyl radical) and Br·.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
CH₃CH₂CHO (propanal) contains the -CHO group, characteristic of aldehydes.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
Mass of C = (12/44) × 0.792 = 0.216 g. Percentage = (0.216/0.27) × 100 = 80%.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
A nucleophile is an electron-rich species. CN⁻ has a lone pair and a negative charge, making it a strong nucleophile.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
Mass of H = (2/18) × 0.108 = 0.012 g. Percentage = (0.012/0.18) × 100 ≈ 6.67% ≈ 7%.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
Mass of H = (2/18) × 0.09 = 0.01 g. Percentage = (0.01/0.2) × 100 = 5%.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
CH₃NH₂ (methylamine) has a lone pair on nitrogen, making it an electron-rich nucleophile.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
Halogens form NaX (X = Cl, Br, I) in Lassaigne’s test, detected by forming a precipitate with silver nitrate (AgNO₃).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
Geometrical isomerism requires a double bond with different substituents on each carbon. CH₃CH=CHCH₂CH₃ (pent-2-ene) can exist as cis or trans isomers.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
In HC≡N (hydrogen cyanide), the carbon forms a triple bond with nitrogen and a single bond with hydrogen, indicating sp hybridization.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
CN⁻ (cyanide ion) is a strong nucleophile that displaces Br⁻ in a substitution reaction to form CH₃CH₂CN (propanenitrile).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
3 carbons (from 3 CO₂). CH₃C≡CH has 8 σ (6 C-H, 1 C-C, 1 from C≡C) and 2 π (C≡C), and is C₃H₄, producing 3 CO₂ on combustion.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques > Topic: Isomerism - Stereoisomerism - Geometrical and Optical Isomerism
