Learn about the core principles and methods used in biotechnology, including genetic engineering, fermentation, and bioprocessing techniques.
GMOs have various medical applications, including the production of insulin, vaccines, and other therapeutic proteins.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Autonomous replication refers to the ability of a plasmid to replicate independently of the host chromosome.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA molecules used as vectors to carry and transfer genes in bacteria.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Selectable markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes, help identify transformed cells by allowing only recombinant cells to survive.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Transformation refers to the process by which bacterial cells take up foreign DNA from their surroundings.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Selectable markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes, allow researchers to identify and isolate transformed cells.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Bioreactors are used for large-scale production of recombinant proteins under controlled conditions.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Genetic engineering allows targeted modification of genes, unlike traditional hybridization, which results in random mixing of traits.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Bioreactors are designed to maintain sterile conditions to prevent contamination during large-scale production.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Reverse transcriptase synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template, a key step in cloning eukaryotic genes.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
Recombinant DNA is artificially created by combining DNA fragments from different sources, allowing genetic modifications.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Bioreactors and Downstream Processing
