Focus on the foundational concepts and methods of genetic engineering, including how genes are isolated, modified, and transferred for practical applications.
Transformation is a method used to introduce foreign DNA into bacterial cells, either naturally or through artificial methods like electroporation.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
DNA ligase is responsible for joining DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Plasmids are extra-chromosomal, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently and are commonly used as vectors.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Plasmids are widely used as vectors because they replicate independently of the host chromosome, allowing gene cloning.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA technology enables the insertion of foreign genes into host cells for genetic engineering and medical applications.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Recognition sites are specific sequences in DNA where restriction enzymes bind and cut, enabling precise genetic engineering.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
The Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used as a vector to transfer genes into plant cells.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Vectors, such as plasmids, carry and replicate foreign DNA within a host organism, allowing gene cloning.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA technology is widely used to develop genetically modified crops with desirable traits.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Vectors, such as plasmids, are used to carry and replicate foreign DNA inside host cells for cloning.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, which allows precise genetic modifications.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
Transformation allows bacterial cells to take up foreign DNA, either naturally or through artificial methods like electroporation.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Principles of Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering
