Examines key physical properties—boiling point, dipole moment, and solubility—and how they are influenced by molecular structure and intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions.
2-Bromo-3-methylbutane is a four-carbon chain (butane) with Br on C₂ and a methyl group on C₃: CH₃CHBrCH(CH₃)CH₃ .
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
This is the Sandmeyer reaction. Aniline forms a diazonium salt with NaNO₂ and HCl , which reacts with CuCl to yield chlorobenzene ( C₆H₅Cl ).
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
In CH₃CH=CHI , the carbon with I is part of a double bond (C=C), making it sp² hybridized.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
PCl₅ converts 1-propanol to 1-chloropropane ( CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl ) by replacing OH with Cl.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
Benzene ( C₆H₆ ) reacts with I₂ in the presence of an oxidizing agent (e.g., HNO₃ ) to form iodobenzene ( C₆H₅I ).
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
This is a Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Benzene reacts with CH₃CH₂Cl and AlCl₃ to form C₆H₅CH₂CH₃ (ethylbenzene).
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl and AlCl₃ forms C₆H₅CH₂CH₂CH₃ (propylbenzene).
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
Toluene ( C₆H₅CH₃ ) undergoes electrophilic substitution with Cl₂ and FeCl₃ , forming CH₃C₆H₄Cl (chlorotoluene, mainly para).
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
Boiling points increase with molecular weight due to stronger London forces. The order is CH₃I (highest) > CH₃Br > CH₃Cl .
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
Tertiary halides like (CH₃)3CCl ionize readily via SN₁ , forming AgCl precipitate instantly with AgNO₃ .
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
SN₂ favors primary halides due to less steric hindrance. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂I (iodide) is most reactive due to the best leaving group.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
Density increases with molecular weight for similar structures. CH₃CH₂CH₂I (1-iodopropane) has the highest molecular weight.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes > Topic: Physical Properties - Boiling Point Dipole Moment Solubility
