General Science & Human Genetics

General Science & Human Genetics

What do you mean by LTE in relation to telecommunication

Third Generation Partnership Project introduced evolved UMTS architecture to increase spectral efficiency and lower latency. Marketed as 4G, this upgrade was named Long Term Evolution emphasizing gradual progression toward all-IP packet core, not light term or enhancement terminologies used in some informal contexts.

Ref: Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, and 3GPP Technical Specifications Release 8, Chapter 10: Fourth generation LTE standards, define LTE as Long Term Evolution of UMTS high-speed wireless communication technology for mobile telecommunication, published by Pearson Prentice Hall.

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General Science & Human Genetics

The resolution of human eye is

Human retina contains about 120 million rods and 6 million cones with dense foveal packing. Calculations of angular resolution and eye movements equate eye to about 576 megapixel camera under ideal conditions. Values like 12 megapixels drastically underestimate combined visual processing capacity.

Ref: Goldstein, Sensation and Perception, 10th Edition, Chapter 3: Visual acuity and retina, and Roger Clark's analysis of human eye resolution, calculates equivalent resolution of human eye as approximately 576 megapixels based on foveal cone density and eye movements, published by Cengage Learning.

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General Science & Human Genetics

Which one of the following is a comma shaped motile bacteria?

Vibrio cholerae is gram-negative, curved comma-shaped rod with single polar flagellum conferring darting motility, isolated from rice-water stools. Yersinia pestis is coccobacillus, Brucella melitensis is small coccobacillus nonmotile, and Bacillus anthracis is large nonmotile chain-forming rod with spores.

Ref: Tortora, Funke and Case, Microbiology: An Introduction, 12th Edition, Chapter 20: Vibrio, curved gram-negative rods, describes Vibrio cholerae as comma-shaped motile bacterium with polar flagellum causing cholera, distinct from Yersinia, Brucella, Bacillus anthracis, published by Pearson.

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General Science & Human Genetics

Nosocomial infections are:

Hospital onset infections manifest after admission, typically beyond 48 hours, without incubation at entry. They result from invasive procedures, antibiotic resistant flora, or device colonization. Designation nosocomial distinguishes them from community-acquired infections, vaccine-related events, or vector-borne diseases like mosquito bite transmission.

Ref: Winn, Allen, Janda, Koneman, Procop, Schreckenberger and Woods, Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 6th Edition, Chapter 2: Nosocomial healthcare-associated infections, defines infections acquired during course of hospitalization after admission, published by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

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General Science & Human Genetics

HLA matching is done during

Human leukocyte antigen genes in major histocompatibility complex encode highly polymorphic cell surface antigens. Mismatched HLA triggers T-cell allorecognition and graft rejection. Therefore HLA typing and crossmatching are essential before organ transplantation, unlike routine ABO matching for red cell transfusion or nutritional support.

Ref: Abbas, Lichtman and Pillai, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition, Chapter 17: Transplantation immunology and HLA matching, explains HLA typing of major histocompatibility complex required to minimize acute rejection during organ transplantation, unlike routine blood transfusion, published by Elsevier Saunders.

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General Science & Human Genetics

Pregnancy can be terminated medically up to:

Under Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 in India prevailing at time of 2018 exam, pregnancy could be legally terminated up to 20 weeks when two registered medical practitioners certified risk to woman or fetal abnormality. Beyond 20 weeks required court approval; limit now extended.

Ref: Shaw, Soutter and Stanton, Gynaecology, 4th Edition, Chapter 17: Medical Termination of Pregnancy, and Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of India 1971 Section 3, specify legal limit of 20 weeks gestation for termination with two medical practitioners opinion, published by Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

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General Science & Human Genetics

The country that has regulations relating to the trans fats in foodstuffs is (DROP)

This ICMR question was officially marked DROP because multiple countries regulate trans fats, including Denmark first in 2003, USA FDA GRAS revocation, and India FSSAI limiting 5% in hydrogenated oils. Since single correct country cannot be uniquely identified, evaluation committee dropped the question from scoring.

Ref: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Food Safety and Standards Regulations on trans fatty acids, and WHO REPLACE action package 2019, discuss global regulations in Denmark, United States, India limiting industrial trans fats, leading to question DROP due to multiple correct, published by FSSAI and WHO.

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General Science & Human Genetics

Which gas is safe and effective extinguisher for all confined fires

Confined fires require extinguishing agent that does not spread flame or leave corrosive residue. Carbon dioxide expands, displaces oxygen, reduces temperature, and sublimates without residue, making it safe for electrical equipment. Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide are toxic irritants unsuitable for fire suppression.

Ref: NFPA, Fundamentals of Fire Protection and Egan, Chapter 7: Portable fire extinguishers and suppression agents, explains carbon dioxide as safe effective extinguisher for confined Class B and electrical fires that displaces oxygen without residue, published by National Fire Protection Association.

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General Science & Human Genetics

An instrument used to measure humidity is

Humidity indicates water vapor content of air. Hygrometer measures relative humidity using principles like hair hygroscopic expansion, wet and dry bulb difference, or capacitive polymer sensors. Anemometer measures wind speed, thermometer measures temperature, and pyrheliometer measures direct solar beam irradiance, not moisture.

Ref: Middleton and Spilhaus, Meteorological Instruments, 3rd Edition, Chapter 4: Hygrometry and humidity measurement, defines hygrometer as instrument to measure atmospheric humidity using hair tension or capacitive sensors unlike anemometer for wind, published by University of Toronto Press.

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General Science & Human Genetics

International day for preservation of Ozone layer is:

The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete ozone was signed on 16 September 1987. UN General Assembly proclaimed same date as International Day for Preservation of Ozone Layer to commemorate action, raise awareness about ozone-depleting CFCs and promote global compliance for protection.

Ref: United Nations Environment Programme, Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 12th Edition, Section Observances and public awareness, notes UN General Assembly proclaimed 16 September as International Day for Preservation of Ozone Layer, published by UNEP.

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General Science & Human Genetics

Following are the type of active transport through cell membrane except:

Sodium-potassium ATPase actively hydrolyzes ATP to move ions against gradients, while endocytosis and exocytosis consume ATP via cytoskeletal remodeling to transport bulk cargo. Osmosis is passive diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through aquaporins without direct energy expenditure, hence not active transport.

Ref: Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts and Walter, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th Edition, Chapter 11: Membrane transport mechanisms, distinguishes sodium-potassium pump endocytosis and exocytosis as active ATP-dependent processes while osmosis is passive water diffusion, published by Garland Science.

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General Science & Human Genetics

All are true about Type-2 diabetes mellitus except :

Type 2 diabetes shows strong heritability and lifestyle association with obesity and inactivity. Pathophysiology involves peripheral insulin resistance at muscle and liver with inadequate compensatory beta-cell secretion, not excess insulin production. Hyperinsulinemia early is compensatory but failure leads to hyperglycemia and glucotoxicity.

Ref: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson and Loscalzo, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th Edition, Chapter 417: Diabetes mellitus type 2 classification and pathogenesis, discusses insulin resistance lifestyle and genetic factors without increased insulin production as cause, published by McGraw-Hill Education.

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