Learn about covalent bonds through bond parameters, polarity, and Fajan’s rule. This category explains how atoms share electrons and how bond characteristics influence molecular behavior.
For O₂ : (sigma 1s)² (sigma^* 1s)² (sigma 2s)² (sigma^* 2s)² (sigma 2pz)² (pi 2px)² (pi 2py)² (pi^* 2px)¹ (pi^* 2py)¹ . Bonding = 10, antibonding = 6. Bond order = (10 - 6/2) = 2 , with 2 unpaired electrons (paramagnetic).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
N₂ has a triple bond with a bond length of ~110 pm, shorter than O₂ ’s double bond (121 pm) due to higher bond order (3 vs. 2).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
In C₂H₄ (ethene), the C=C double bond has one sigma and one pi bond, plus four sigma C-H bonds.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
In H₂O , oxygen has two lone pairs and two bonding pairs, resulting in a bent shape with a bond angle of 104.5°.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
For N₂ : (sigma 1s)² (sigma^* 1s)² (sigma 2s)² (sigma^* 2s)² (pi 2px)² (pi 2py)² (sigma 2pz)² . Bonding = 10, antibonding = 4. Bond order = (10 - 4/2) = 3 , with all electrons paired (diamagnetic).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
For H₂⁻ : (sigma 1s)² (sigma^* 1s)¹ . Bonding = 2, antibonding = 1. Bond order = (2 - 1/2) = 0.5 , with 1 unpaired electron (paramagnetic).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
Mg²⁺ loses two electrons from [Ne] 3s² to form [Ne] , achieving a noble gas configuration.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
In H₂S , sulfur is sp³ hybridized with 4 electron pairs (2 bonding, 2 lone), reducing the bond angle to ~92° due to lone pair repulsion.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
N₂ has a triple bond (bond order 3), resulting in the shortest bond length (~110 pm) due to greater electron density pulling the nuclei closer.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
In SF₆ , sulfur is sp³d² hybridized with 6 bonding pairs, forming an octahedral shape with 90° bond angles.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
In BF₃ , boron is sp² hybridized with three bonding pairs and no lone pairs, resulting in a trigonal planar shape with a 120° bond angle.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
In ClF₃ , chlorine is sp³d hybridized with 5 electron pairs (3 bonding, 2 lone), forming a T-shaped molecule with bond angles ~87° due to lone pair repulsion.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Covalent Bonding - Bond Parameters and Polarity and Fajan's Rule
