Covers how air moves in and out of the lungs, the role of muscles, and the volumes of air involved in breathing.
Spirometry is a clinical tool used to assess lung function by measuring various respiratory volumes.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the additional amount of air a person can inhale after a normal inspiration.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the thoracic cavity volume.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
During inspiration, alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration. It includes Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Residual volume remains in the lungs after forced expiration and cannot be expelled.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Normal expiration is a passive process, not an active one. It occurs due to the relaxation of respiratory muscles.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
The diaphragm moves actively during the breathing cycle, contracting during inspiration and relaxing during expiration.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, decreasing thoracic volume and pushing air out.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) includes Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, and Residual Volume.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
The diaphragm contracts and moves downward during inspiration, increasing thoracic cavity volume.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
A high H⁺ concentration (low pH) in the tissues promotes the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin, facilitating oxygen release.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Mechanism of Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
