Focuses on the physical properties of alcohols and phenols, such as boiling points, solubility, and hydrogen bonding. Compares their acidity and explains factors influencing these properties.
Propan-2-ol (CH₃CH(OH)CH₃) is dehydrated to propene (CH₃CH=CH₂) using concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170°C, following an E₁ mechanism.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
Phenol reacts with conc. H₂SO₄ at 25°C to form phenol-2-sulfonic acid (2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid) as the major product due to ortho substitution.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
Long-chain (fatty) alcohols such as lauryl alcohol are commonly used in the manufacture of detergents due to their ability to form surfactants.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
2-Nitrophenol has intramolecular hydrogen bonding, reducing intermolecular forces and lowering its boiling point, while 4-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding, increasing its boiling point.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
The longest chain with the -OH group has 4 carbons, named butane. The -OH is on the second carbon from the end nearest to it, so it is butan-2-ol.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
A secondary alcohol has the -OH group attached to a carbon bonded to two other carbons. CH₃-CH(OH)-CH₃ (propan-2-ol) fits this definition.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
Phenol is more acidic due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion, allowing it to form a soluble salt with NaOH, unlike ethanol, which is a weaker acid.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
The -OH group donates electrons to the benzene ring via resonance, increasing electron density at ortho and para positions, thus activating it for electrophilic substitution.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
Propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol, CH₂OH-CHOH-CH₂OH) has three -OH groups, as indicated by ‘triol’ in its name.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
A primary alcohol has the -OH group attached to a carbon bonded to only one other carbon. CH₃CH₂CH₂OH (propan-1-ol) is a primary alcohol.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
Propan-1-ol (CH₃CH₂CH₂OH), a primary alcohol, is oxidized to propanoic acid (CH₃CH₂COOH) with KMnO₄, a strong oxidizing agent.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
The -NO₂ group in ortho-nitrophenol exerts a strong electron-withdrawing effect, stabilizing the phenoxide ion and increasing acidity compared to phenol.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
