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Reduction of fructose (a ketohexose) with hydrogen converts the ketone group to an alcohol, forming mannitol, a sugar alcohol.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 14: Biomolecules > Topic: Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides - Structure and Properties
Propanal (CH₃CH₂CHO) is reduced to propan-1-ol (CH₃CH₂CH₂OH), a primary alcohol, using NaBH₄, which reduces aldehydes to alcohols.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Physical Properties and Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
Phenol (C₆H₅OH) is reduced to benzene (C₆H₆) when heated with zinc dust, which removes the -OH group as ZnO and H₂.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers > Topic: Chemical Reactions of Alcohols - Dehydration Oxidation Esterification
Reduction is electron gain. Sb (+3 in Sb₂S₃) remains +3 in SbCl₃, but S (-2 to -2) doesn’t change; no reduction occurs here—it’s not redox.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Redox Reactions > Topic: Redox Titrations and Equivalent Weight and Normality
In PbO₂ + C → Pb + CO₂, Pb (+4 in PbO₂) loses oxygen to become 0, reduced by C (0 to +4), no hydrogen present.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Redox Reactions > Topic: Balancing Redox Reactions - Oxidation Number Method and Half Reaction
Reaction: CuO + CO → Cu + CO₂. Moles of Cu = 8/64 = 0.125 mol. 1 mol Cu from 1 mol CuO; mass = 0.125 × 79.5 ≈ 9.94 g.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry > Topic: Importance and Nature of Chemistry and Properties of Matter
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