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#image inversion

2 public questions tagged with this topic.

Optical Instruments - Simple and Compound Microscope

In a compound microscope, why is the final image inverted with respect to the object?

**Microscope principle** objective of short focal length forms real image between F_e and 2F_e of eyepiece, eyepiece magnifies to virtual image at D, total magnification product, for f_o=2 cm, f_e=5 cm, L=20 cm, m_o≈10, M_e≈6, M≈60, illustrating high magnification from two stages. In a compound microscope, the objective lens forms a real, inverted image of the object. The eyepiece then acts as a magnifying lens, forming a virtual image of this inverted intermediate image. Since the eyepiece does not reinvert the image, the final image remains inverted relative to the original object. Substitut

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Ray Optics > Optical Instruments - Simple and Compound Microscope

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Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle

What optical property of a prism allows it to be used in binoculars to invert images?

**Critical angle** C satisfies sinC = n₂/n₁, n₁>n₂, n₂=1 for air, n₁=1.52 for glass gives sinC=1/1.52=0.6579, C≈41.1°, for water n=1.33 C=48.75°. Beyond C, total internal reflection occurs, all light reflected, no refracted ray, used in optical fibers and prisms. Prisms in binoculars use total internal reflection to invert and revert images. By reflecting light multiple times within the prism (e.g., in a Porro prism), the image orientation is corrected from the inverted form produced by the objective lens, maintaining the same size. Substituting values gives Total internal reflection, which ma

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Ray Optics > Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle

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