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Ecological resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand and recover from disturbances while maintaining its functions.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Mutualism and Amensalism
Secondary succession occurs when an existing ecosystem is disturbed but soil remains, such as after a wildfire.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Organism and Environment - Major Biomes Abiotic Factors
Secondary succession follows disturbance of a previously established community when soil and at least some biological legacies remain. Examples include recovery after fire, windthrow, logging, cultivation, or abandonment of pasture. Surviving roots, seed banks, spores, soil microbes, nutrients, and nearby source populations accelerate recolonization. Grasses and fast-growing shrubs may appear first, followed by trees and more shade-tolerant species, although pathways depend on disturbance severity, climate, and invasive species. Primary succession instead begins on surfaces lacking developed s
Ref: Ecology: Concepts and Applications, Molles, 9th Ed., Ch. 20
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