7 public questions tagged with this topic.
For CO(g) → C(g) + O(g) , bond enthalpy is Δ H = Δ Ha(C) + Δ Ha(O) - Δ Hf(CO) = 715.0 + 249.0 - (-110.5) = 1074.5 kJ/mol .
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Thermodynamics > Topic: Bond Enthalpy and Entropy and Spontaneity
In CO , carbon forms a triple bond with oxygen (one sigma, two pi), using two hybrid orbitals ( sp ) for the sigma bond and lone pair.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Kossel-Lewis Approach and Octet Rule and Lewis Structures
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and oxygen has 6. Total = 4 + 6 = 10 valence electrons in CO .
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds
Reaction: CuO + CO → Cu + CO₂. Moles of Cu = 8/64 = 0.125 mol. 1 mol Cu from 1 mol CuO; mass = 0.125 × 79.5 ≈ 9.94 g.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry > Topic: Importance and Nature of Chemistry and Properties of Matter
Carbon monoxide causes functional oxygen deprivation by competing with oxygen for haemoglobin and forming carboxyhaemoglobin. Its very high binding affinity reduces the number of sites available for oxygen and impairs unloading from the remaining oxyhaemoglobin. The phrase 'displace oxygen' is a physiological shorthand: carbon monoxide does not remove dissolved oxygen directly, but sharply lowers the blood's effective oxygen-carrying and delivery capacity. The distinction is ecologically important because emission control must target either the directly released precursor or the product formed after atmospheric transport and reaction. Exposure depends on concentration, duration, ventilation, weather, and individual susceptibility, so a pollutant's presence alone does not fully predict biological harm. Atmospheric inversions can trap contaminants near the surface, while wind, turbulence, precipitation, and chemical transformation determine their eventual distribution and removal. At organismal level, respiratory surfaces are especially exposed because large volumes of air contact thin, moist epithelia designed for rapid gas exchange. Sound classification links the source, atmospheric fate, exposure route, and mechanism of toxicity rather than relying only on the pollutant's name.
Ref: Campbell Biology, Urry et al., 12th Ed., Unit 8 Ecology
Road vehicles are a major anthropogenic source of carbon monoxide because petrol and other carbon fuels undergo incomplete combustion when oxygen supply, mixing, temperature, or residence time is inadequate. Urban traffic therefore produces high exposures near roads, particularly from poorly maintained engines and congestion. Power stations generally achieve more complete, controlled combustion and are more strongly associated with carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. Effective management combines cleaner fuels, emission standards, monitoring, urban planning, and protection of populations with high exposure or physiological vulnerability. The distinction is ecologically important because emission control must target either the directly released precursor or the product formed after atmospheric transport and reaction. Exposure depends on concentration, duration, ventilation, weather, and individual susceptibility, so a pollutant's presence alone does not fully predict biological harm. Atmospheric inversions can trap contaminants near the surface, while wind, turbulence, precipitation, and chemical transformation determine their eventual distribution and removal.
Ref: Campbell Biology, Urry et al., 12th Ed., Unit 8 Ecology
Carbon monoxide binds the haem iron of haemoglobin with roughly 200 to 250 times the affinity of oxygen, producing carboxyhaemoglobin. This both occupies oxygen-binding sites and shifts the remaining haemoglobin toward tighter oxygen retention, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues. Carbon dioxide is transported mainly as bicarbonate and carbamino compounds and does not create carboxyhaemoglobin. At organismal level, respiratory surfaces are especially exposed because large volumes of air contact thin, moist epithelia designed for rapid gas exchange. Sound classification links the source, atmospheric fate, exposure route, and mechanism of toxicity rather than relying only on the pollutant's name. Effective management combines cleaner fuels, emission standards, monitoring, urban planning, and protection of populations with high exposure or physiological vulnerability. The distinction is ecologically important because emission control must target either the directly released precursor or the product formed after atmospheric transport and reaction. Exposure depends on concentration, duration, ventilation, weather, and individual susceptibility, so a pollutant's presence alone does not fully predict biological harm.
Ref: Campbell Biology, Urry et al., 12th Ed., Unit 8 Ecology
