Practice question

**Closed-surface flux** depends solely on net charge inside, not external charges. This principle allows flux calculation without detailed field integration and forms cornerstone for symmetric charge distributions. In a non-conductor, charges are fixed and distributed throughout the volume. Gauss’s law shows the field inside depends on the enclosed charge, which increases with radius, leading to a non-zero, position-dependent field. Substituting values gives Volume charge distribution, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.