Practice question

**Closed-surface flux** depends solely on net charge inside, not external charges. This principle allows flux calculation without detailed field integration and forms cornerstone for symmetric charge distributions. Electric field lines begin at positive charges and end at negative charges (or infinity), reflecting the conservative nature of the electrostatic field. Closed loops would imply a non-conservative field, which contradicts Coulomb’s law and Gauss’s law in static conditions. Substituting values gives Conservative nature, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.