Practice question

**Charge carriers** in n-type majority electrons, minority holes, in p-type majority holes, minority electrons, minority concentration reduced due to recombination n_e n_h = n_i², doping increases majority, conductivity σ = e(n_e μ_e + n_h μ_h), increases with doping. Donor ionization energy small ~0.01 eV, electrons easily promoted to conduction band at room temperature. Doping is the deliberate addition of impurities (e.g., pentavalent or trivalent atoms) to a pure semiconductor to increase its conductivity by providing additional charge carriers. Substituting values gives Doping, which matches expected behaviour for this semiconductor device configuration, confirming doping, depletion and rectifier principles.