Practice question

**Gas laws** Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac are special cases of ideal gas equation, for constant pressure volume-temperature relation V ∝ T, for constant temperature pressure-volume inverse, for constant volume pressure-temperature direct, enabling calculation of new volume from temperature ratio. Boyle’s law: P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂.P₁ = 1 atm, V₁ = 8 litres, P₂ = 4 atm.V₂ = (P₁ V₁)/(P₂) = (1 × 8)/(4) = 2 litres. Substituting values gives 2 litres, which matches expected kinetic theory result, confirming mean free path λ = 1/(√2 n π d²), ideal gas law P V = n R T and v_rms = √(3 R T/M) relations.