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Untreated sewage increases BOD, reducing oxygen levels in water and harming aquatic life.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare Microbes in Human Welfare - Overview and Significance
Pharmaceutical estrogens entering water act as endocrine-disrupting contaminants because they mimic or alter normal hormonal signalling at very low concentrations. Binding to estrogen receptors changes gene expression, reproductive development, vitellogenin production, sex differentiation, and fertility in exposed organisms. This mode of action is distinct from direct neurotoxicity, DNA mutation, or acidification, although one chemical can sometimes have more than one biological effect. Monitoring should include appropriate controls, spatial replication, temporal variation, and validated analy
Ref: Campbell Biology, Urry et al., 12th Ed., Unit 8 Ecology
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