What is a characteristic of 'wasp-waist' ecosystems?
“Dominance at an intermediate trophic level” for what is a characteristic of 'wasp-waist' ecosystems. This relationship follows from the ecological mechanism represented by the terms in the item, not merely from an association between their names. Ecosystem processes are constrained by energy conservation and by the cycling of matter. Energy enters mainly through primary production, is lost as metabolic heat at every transfer, and therefore cannot be recycled in the way that carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or water can. The remaining alternatives—“High nutrient availability”, “Control by apex pr
Ref: Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum & Barrett, 5th Ed., Ch. 4
