When p and q are lengths of sequences, the computational complexity of the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm is
In general biology, core biological organization dictates that structure-function relationships govern cellular processes. Therefore O(pq) is correct as it integrates fundamental principles, supported by mechanistic studies and conserved across related systems.
Ref: Campbell et al., Biology, 11th Edition, Chapter 2, Chemical Basis of Life, discusses fundamental biological principles and molecular organization providing broad foundation for life sciences understanding.
