Individual’s reaction to external stressors is called:
Individual's reaction to external stressors called strain, stress response.
Ref: NCERT Psychology Class 12 Chapter 3 Stress, CBSE Stress and Coping
#stress response
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Abscisic acid is known as:
Abscisic acid designated as stress hormone and growth inhibitor originates from carotenoid pathway, cleavage of 9 cis violaxanthin and neoxanthin by NCED dioxygenase to xanthoxin then converted by ABA2 short chain dehydrogenase and AAO3 aldehyde oxidase to ABA. Under drought salinity cold endogenous levels rise sharply triggering PYR PYL RCAR receptor family that sequesters PP2C phosphatases ABI1 ABI2 releasing SnRK2 kinases OST1 to phosphorylate targets including bZIP transcription factor ABI5 inducing late embryogenesis abundant LEA genes, anion channel SLAC1 causing stomatal closure reducin
Ref: Cutler et al., Annu Rev Plant Biol 2010 ABA signaling; NCBI NBK541119 ABA.
The sigma factor σ³² in bacteria regulates:
Transcription initiation specificity depends on sigma factors that bind core RNA polymerase and recognize distinct promoter elements at minus 35 and minus 10 regions. Among seven sigma factors in Escherichia coli, sigma32 encoded by rpoH gene governs heat shock regulon comprising chaperones and proteases. Under optimal temperature DnaK and DnaJ chaperones bind sigma32 delivering it to membrane protease FtsH for rapid proteolysis keeping cellular level extremely low and half-life about one minute. Heat-induced protein misfolding titrates DnaK and DnaJ away from sigma32, stabilizing it and enhan
Ref: Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 8th ed., Chapter 10: Sigma Factor σ32 and Heat Shock Regulation.
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol?
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, which helps in metabolism and stress response.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Mechanism of Hormone Action - Second Messengers
Which hormone is known as the "fight or flight" hormone?
Adrenaline (epinephrine) is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress, increasing heart rate and alertness.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Adrenal Gland - Cortex and Medulla
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and helps in coping with stress?
Cortisol, secreted by the adrenal cortex, is a stress hormone that helps in metabolism and immune response regulation.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration Adrenal Gland - Cortex and Medulla
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for stress or emergencies?
The sympathetic nervous system triggers the "fight-or-flight" response during stress or emergencies.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System - Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergency responses, such as increasing heart rate and blood flow.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System - Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is active during stress and emergencies?
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response during stressful situations.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System - Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's response to stress, preparing it for fight or flight.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System - Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Phosphorylation of eIF2α leads to
Phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha at Ser51 sequesters eIF2B pentameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor that normally regenerates active ternary complex eIF2 GTP Met-tRNAi from inactive GDP form. Since cellular eIF2B concentration is about tenfold lower than eIF2, even modest phosphorylation proportion immobilizes most eIF2B, collapsing ternary complex availability. Consequently global cap-dependent translation is rapidly shut down, conserving energy and reducing endoplasmic reticulum client load, while messenger RNAs containing upstream open reading frames such as ATF4 and CHOP escape repressio
Ref: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 7th ed., Chapter 7, Phosphorylation of eIF2alpha leading to global translation shutdown via eIF2B sequestration
Which factor is phosphorylated at Ser51 during stress?
Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 alpha subunit undergoes regulatory phosphorylation at conserved serine 51 in N-terminal OB-fold domain by four distinct stress kinases: PERK activated by unfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum, PKR that senses viral double-stranded RNA, GCN2 responding to uncharged tRNAs during amino acid starvation, and HRI sensing heme deficiency and oxidative stress. Phosphorylation converts eIF2 from substrate to competitive inhibitor of its guanine exchange factor eIF2B, because affinity increases dramatically, inactivating eIF2B due to limiting concentration, thereby
Ref: Berg et al., Biochemistry, 9th ed., Chapter 32, eIF2alpha Ser51 phosphorylation by PERK, PKR, GCN2 kinases
