The extinction vortex involves:
“Synergistic interactions among genetic, demographic, and environmental factors” for the extinction vortex involves. This relationship follows from the ecological mechanism represented by the terms in the item, not merely from an association between their names. Human-driven habitat conversion, exploitation, introduced enemies, pollution, and climate change often interact rather than acting independently. Traits such as slow reproduction or ecological specialization can magnify vulnerability. The remaining alternatives—“Only biotic factors”, “Independent extinction drivers”, “Climate change on
Ref: Conservation Biology, Primack & Sher, 6th Ed., Ch. 7