In protein microarray, high-throughput detection is possible by:
Protein microarray technology enables high-throughput functional analysis by immobilizing thousands of purified proteins or peptides at discrete spots on functionalized glass slide using contact or inkjet printing. Simultaneous printing preserves orientation and activity, allowing parallel interrogation against labeled query such as protein, antibody, drug, or small molecule in one experiment. Binding events are detected via fluorescence scanners after washing. Antibody-antigen reaction alone is too narrow, gene amplification does not apply to proteins, and SDS-PAGE is low throughput. Multiplexed printing underlies proteome-wide interaction and biomarker screening with minimal sample.
Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.