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The fourth period (n=4) includes 4s, 3d, and 4p orbitals, accommodating 18 electrons, hence 18 elements (K to Kr).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties > Topic: Modern Periodic Law and Present Form - Long Form Periodic Table
In period 4 d-block (Sc to Zn), boiling point peaks with strong metallic bonding. Cr (group 6) has the highest boiling point due to its 3d⁵ 4s¹ configuration and maximum unpaired electrons enhancing bonding.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties > Topic: Electronic Configuration and Types of Elements - s p d f Blocks
In period 4 d-block (Sc to Zn), density increases with atomic mass and decreases with volume. Cu (group 11) has the highest density due to its compact structure.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties > Topic: Anomalous Properties and Second Period and Chemical Reactivity
Cr (Z=24) has an exceptional configuration (3d⁵ 4s¹) due to the stability of a half-filled 3d subshell, unlike Sc (3d¹ 4s²), Mn (3d⁵ 4s²), or Fe (3d⁶ 4s²).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties > Topic: Anomalous Properties and Second Period and Chemical Reactivity
In period 4 d-block (Sc to Zn), Mn (group 7) achieves a +7 oxidation state in Mn₂O₇, unlike Cr (+6), Fe (+3), or Co (+3).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties > Topic: Anomalous Properties and Second Period and Chemical Reactivity
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