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Hindlimbs: Muscular, elongated, and webbed with five digits. They propel the frog forward during leaping on land and paddling in water. Forelimbs: Short and unwebbed with four digits, designed to support the body and absorb landing impact.
Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Structural Organisation in Animals and Frog, Topic: Tissues, skeletal and organ systems.
Ciliary movement helps in transporting ova through the female reproductive tract.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement Types of Movement - Amoeboid Ciliary Flagellar Muscular
Mollusks use their muscular foot for movement, which varies in structure depending on the species.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Mollusca and Echinodermata
Annelids move by contracting longitudinal and circular muscles along with the help of setae (bristles) for traction.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Arthropoda
Protists display highly diverse locomotor adaptations tied to cytoskeletal organization and ecological niche. Amoeboid motion uses actin-driven pseudopodial extension, ciliary propulsion relies on coordinated 9+2 microtubule axonemes beating synchronously in Paramecium, and flagellar movement employs similar axonemal whiplash in Euglena. Gliding via hyphal extension is exclusive to filamentous fungi where apical growth and turgor-driven tip elongation produce mycelial expansion, not true cellular locomotion. Thus filamentous hyphal gliding does not belong to protistan motility repertoire, expl
Ref: Campbell Biology, 12th ed., Chapter 28: Protists - Motility; NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 2 Biological Classification Protista
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