#ligands

CHEMISTRY

Which ligand is weakest in the spectrochemical series among the following?

The spectrochemical series is I^- < Br^- < Cl^- < NH₃ . I^- is the weakest field ligand here. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII)Topic: Mole concept, atomic structure, chemical formulas like H₂O, CO₂, CH₃CH₂NH₂ and periodic trends.

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CHEMISTRY

Which ligand is strongest in the spectrochemical series among the following?

The spectrochemical series orders ligands by field strength: I^- < Cl^- < Hâ‚‚O < CN^- . CN^- is the strongest field ligand here. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Relevant Chemistry topic covering principles and examples as per NCERT.

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CHEMISTRY

Which ligand can form a chelate complex?

Câ‚‚Oâ‚„^{2- (oxalate) is bidentate, binding via two oxygen atoms to form a five-membered ring, making it a chelating ligand, unlike the unidentate options.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Relevant Chemistry topic covering principles and examples as per NCERT.

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CHEMISTRY

Which ligand is bidentate?

A bidentate ligand binds through two donor atoms. H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂ (ethane-1, 2-diamine or en) has two nitrogen atoms that can coordinate, making it bidentate, unlike NH₃, Cl^-, or H₂O, which are unidentate.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Relevant Chemistry topic covering principles and examples as per NCERT.

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Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

What is the coordination number of chromium in [Cr(NH₃)2(en)2]3+?

In [Cr(NH₃)2(en)2]3+, NH₃ is unidentate (2 ligands), and each ethane-1,2-diamine (en) is bidentate (2 donor atoms). Total = 2 + (2 × 2) = 6.

Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds > Topic: Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

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Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

How many water molecules act as ligands in [Fe(H₂O)5Cl]SO₄?

In [Fe(H₂O)5Cl]SO₄, the coordination sphere [Fe(H₂O)5Cl]+ contains 5 H₂O molecules as ligands.

Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds > Topic: Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

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Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

What is the coordination number of copper in [Cu(en)2]2+?

In [Cu(en)2]2+, each ethane-1,2-diamine (en) is bidentate, contributing 2 donor atoms. Total = 2 × 2 = 4.

Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds > Topic: Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

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Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

Which of the following ligands is ambidentate?

NO₂− can bind via N (nitro) or O (nitrito), making it ambidentate, unlike unidentate H₂O or NH₃.

Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds > Topic: Werner's Theory and Definitions - Ligands Coordination Number

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Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

Which of the following is a homoleptic complex?

[Fe(H₂O)6]2+ has only one type of ligand (H₂O), making it homoleptic.

Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds > Topic: Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

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Isomerism - Geometrical Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

What is the total number of donor atoms in the ligands of [Ni(en)(NH₃)2(H₂O)]2+?

en (bidentate) has 2 donor atoms, 2 NH₃ (unidentate) have 2, and 1 H₂O (unidentate) has 1. Total = 2 + 2 + 1 = 5.

Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds > Topic: Isomerism - Geometrical Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

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Crystal Field Theory - CFT and Crystal Field Splitting and CFSE

Which complex has a higher crystal field splitting energy (Δo) with CN− ligands compared to NH₃ ligands?

[Fe(CN)6]4− has CN−, a stronger field ligand than NH₃, resulting in a larger Δo.

Ref: NCERT Class 12 Chemistry > Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds > Topic: Crystal Field Theory - CFT and Crystal Field Splitting and CFSE

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Cell Signaling Dev Bio & Other Pathways

DSL proteins refer to

Delta, Serrate, Lag-2, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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