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#lab equipment

8 public questions tagged with this topic.

General Biology - Part 2

A patch clamp device is used to

The principle of core biological organization explains that structure-function relationships govern cellular processes. Hence study the properties of individual membrane channels fits best because it integrates fundamental principles, as documented in authoritative sources on general biology.

Ref: Campbell et al., Biology, 11th Edition, Chapter 2, Chemical Basis of Life, discusses fundamental biological principles and molecular organization providing broad foundation for life sciences understanding.

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General Biology

In order to fractionate particles based on size; which of the following centrifuges is best suited?

This outcome reflects core biological organization, where structure-function relationships govern cellular processes. Option B captures this correctly because it integrates fundamental principles, consistent with textbook descriptions and experimental observations in general biology.

Ref: Campbell et al., Biology, 11th Edition, Chapter 2, Chemical Basis of Life, discusses fundamental biological principles and molecular organization providing broad foundation for life sciences understanding.

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Animal Tissue Culture 2

Autoclave is used for:

Autoclave sterilizes materials by exposure to saturated steam under pressure, combining moisture and high temperature to achieve killing of vegetative bacteria, endospores, fungi, and viruses. Standard cycle achieves 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes, although longer cycles used for dense loads. Moist heat denatures proteins by coagulation, melts membranes, and hydrolyzes peptide bonds more efficiently than dry heat which requires 160-180°C for hours. Latent heat released upon steam condensation transfers energy into load interior. In cell culture laboratory, autoclave used for glass pipettes,

Ref: Campbell Biology 12th Ed Chapter Sterilization; NIH BMBL Sterilization using steam autoclave 121°C moist heat denaturation method.

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Animal Tissue Culture 2

Water bath in cell culture laboratory is mainly used for:

Water bath set at 37°C provides rapid, uniform conductive heat transfer ideal for thawing cryopreserved animal cells. Vials stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C contain cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide at 10% which prevents ice crystal lattice growth during freezing but becomes cytotoxic upon warming, altering membrane permeability and inducing differentiation in stem cells. Rapid thawing within 60-90 seconds with gentle agitation ensures cells pass quickly through critical temperature zone from -50°C to 0°C where recrystallization of small ice crystals into larger damaging crystals occurs if

Ref: ATCC Animal Cell Culture Guide, Thawing Method; Freshney Ch.22: rapid thaw at 37°C water bath minimizes DMSO toxicity and recrystallization.

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Animal Tissue Culture 2

Cooling centrifuge is mainly used in cell culture for:

Refrigerated cooling centrifuges operating at 4°C are essential during preparation of animal cells for cryopreservation and extraction of temperature-sensitive macromolecules. During harvesting for freezing, cells undergo trypsin-EDTA detachment releasing intracellular proteases, nucleases, phosphatases and apoptotic mediators. Low temperature markedly reduces metabolic rate, enzymatic degradation, and membrane lipid fluidity changes that predispose cells to lysis. Cells are pelleted at low g-force 100-300 g to avoid shear stress, washed to remove serum and residual trypsin that would interfer

Ref: Freshney Culture of Animal Cells Ch.22 Cryopreservation; ATCC Animal Cell Culture Guide: cold centrifugation before freezing preserves viability.

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Animal Tissue Culture 2

CO₂ incubator primarily helps in maintaining:

CO2 incubators are engineered to mimic in vivo physiologic conditions for mammalian cells: 37°C temperature, high humidity near 95% to minimize evaporation and osmolality shifts, and carbon dioxide concentration of 5-10%. Temperature is maintained via water jacket or direct heating with PID controllers and uniform circulation fans. High humidity maintained by water reservoir prevents drying of medium. CO2 regulation is critical because culture media such as DMEM, MEM, and RPMI-1640 use sodium bicarbonate buffering system governed by equilibrium CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-, stabilizing pH at

Ref: Freshney Culture of Animal Cells 7th Ed Chapter 8 The Culture Environment; Thermo Scientific CO2 incubator bicarbonate buffering principle.

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