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#genetic engineering

193 public questions tagged with this topic.

ZOOLOGY

Which enzyme is used to cut and remove specific DNA fragments during genetic engineering?

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific recognition sites in genetic engineering. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Zoology section, Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion (Latest NCERT Textbooks for Academic Session 2026-27 - Rationalized Edition for Class XI and XII), Topic: Structural organization, physiology, human health and related concepts as per latest syllabus.

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ZOOLOGY

Which of the following is correct about the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)?

The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) regulates the use, approval, and safety of genetically modified organisms in India. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function.

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ZOOLOGY

Which of the following is correct about the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)?

The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) regulates the use, approval, and safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in India. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Zoology section, Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion (Latest NCERT Textbooks for Academic Session 2026-27 - Rationalized Edition for Class XI and XII), Topic: Structural organization, physiology, human health and related concepts as per latest syllabus.

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ZOOLOGY

Which of the following is NOT a method of gene transfer?

Electrophoresis is used for DNA separation, not gene transfer. Microinjection, biolistics, and heat shock transformation are gene transfer methods. This follows from NCERT principle where relation explains outcome clearly for students.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function, Topic: Structural organization and physiology.

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ZOOLOGY

Which of the following is incorrect about plasmids in genetic engineering?

Plasmids do not encode ribosomal RNA in humans; they are used as vectors in genetic engineering. This follows from NCERT principle where relation explains outcome clearly for students.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function, Topic: Structural organization and physiology.

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ZOOLOGY

Which of the following statements about somatic hybridization is true?

Somatic hybridization involves the fusion of protoplasts from different species to form hybrid plants with combined traits. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Zoology section, Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion (Latest NCERT Textbooks for Academic Session 2026-27 - Rationalized Edition for Class XI and XII), Topic: Structural organization, physiology, human health and related concepts as per latest syllabus.

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ZOOLOGY

What is the role of a vector in recombinant DNA technology?

Vectors, such as plasmids, are used to carry and replicate foreign DNA inside host lls for cloning. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Principles of Inheritance, Molecular Basis of Inheritance and Biotechnology, Topic: Genetics, DNA techniques and applications.

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ZOOLOGY

What is the purpose of the antibiotic resistance gene in a plasmid vector?

Antibiotic resistance genes act as selectable markers, helping identify bacterial lls that have taken up the recombinant plasmid. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function.

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Transgenic Plant -2

Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) consist of:

Zinc finger nucleases represent first generation programmable nucleases fusing custom DNA recognition to cleavage effector. Each ZFN monomer architecture includes tandem array of Cys2-His2 zinc finger motifs originally derived from transcription factor Zif268 and Sp1, each finger ~30 amino acids folded into beta-beta-alpha structure where Zn2+ tetrahedrally coordinated by two cysteines in beta hairpin and two histidines in alpha helix stabilizing domain. Recognition helix positions -1 to 6 contact major groove bases via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts. Array of three to six fingers recognizes 9 to 18 base pairs contiguously. C-terminal FokI endonuclease domain from Flavobacterium okeanokoites comprises nonspecific cleavage domain 196 amino acids requiring dimerization for double strand break formation leaving 4 bp 5' overhangs. Flexible linker GSGGS between finger array and FokI permits optimal spacing. Pair of ZFNs binding opposite strands tail-to-tail spaced 5-7 bp allows FokI dimer formation cutting intervening sequence, creating DSB stimulating homologous recombination or mutagenic NHEJ for targeted knockout or knockin applications in crops and human therapeutics for CCR5 editing and hemophilia correction.

Ref: Kim et al. PNAS 1996 ZFN; Carroll Annu Rev Biochem 2014 ZFN; Chandrasegaran 2016.

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Transgenic Plant -2

Selectable marker used in Flavr Savr tomato transformation was:

Selectable marker deployed for Flavr Savr regeneration was neomycin phosphotransferase II gene nptII from Tn5 transposon of Escherichia coli, conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics kanamycin, neomycin, G418 and paromomycin. Enzyme mechanism involves transfer of gamma phosphate from ATP to 3' hydroxyl of aminoglycoside, inactivating drug ability to bind 16S rRNA of 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing misreading and bactericidal action. Tomato cotyledon explants co-cultivated with Agrobacterium harboring antisense PG plus nptII under nos promoter placed on Murashige and Skoog organogenesis medium supplemented with kanamycin 100 mg/L, carbenicillin to kill Agrobacterium, and phytohormones zeatin and IAA for shoot induction. Only transformed cells expressing NPTII detoxify antibiotic and proliferate, untransformed bleached die. Selection efficiency typically 5-15% transformation. nptII favored because plants lack endogenous resistance, assayable by ELISA and NPTII dot blot, and safety profile extensive showing rapid proteolysis in simulated gastric fluid with half-life

Ref: Beck et al. Gene 1982 Tn5 nptII; Coruzzi et al. EMBO J 1984 Plant selectable markers; NIH.

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Transgenic Plant -2

Ti plasmid vector commonly used for antisense constructs is:

Transformation of tomato for delayed ripening relies on Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector system exemplified by pBIN19. Native Ti plasmid C58 type is ~200 kb containing T-DNA bordered by 25 bp imperfect direct repeats and vir regulon encoding VirA sensor kinase, VirG response regulator, VirD1/D2 endonuclease, VirB T4SS pilus and VirE2 single-stranded DNA binding protein. To facilitate cloning, large plasmid split into helper Ti plasmid disarmed lacking oncogenes iaaM, iaaH, ipt responsible for auxin cytokinin overproduction causing crown gall, retaining vir genes, and small shuttle vector pBIN19 carrying replication origins ColE1 for E. coli and RK2 for Agrobacterium, kanamycin resistance nptIII for bacterial selection, left and right borders, multiple cloning site with lacZ alpha for blue-white screening adjacent to CaMV35S promoter and nos terminator, plus plant selectable nptII driven by nos promoter and marker. Antisense PG cDNA cloned in reverse orientation between promoter and terminator mobilized to Agrobacterium via triparental mating, acetosyringone induced vir expression nicked borders, T-strand transferred integrated via nonhomologous end joining semi-randomly. pBIN19 advantage over pUC19, pBR322 lacking T-DNA and plant signals.

Ref: Bevan M 1984 Nucleic Acids Res 12:8711 pBIN19; Gelvin SB Microbiol Mol Biol Rev Agrobacterium Ti.

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