What enables electromagnetic waves to propagate without a material medium?
**Ampere-Maxwell law** ∮ B·dl = μ₀(I_c + ε₀ dΦ_E/dt) generalizes Ampere's law, displacement current arises from time-varying electric field, source of magnetic field like conduction current. For rate of change of flux 2×10¹¹ V·m/s, I_d = ε₀×2×10¹¹ =8.85×10⁻¹²×2×10¹¹=1.77 A. The document states that electromagnetic waves are self-sustaining oscillations of electric and magnetic fields, requiring no material medium for propagation. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields Self-sustaining oscillations of fields, illustrating EM wave transve
Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Displacement Current and Ampere-Maxwell Law
