2 public questions tagged with this topic.
**Sign of potential energy** indicates nature of interaction, like charges U>0, opposite U
Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance > Potential Energy of System of Charges
**Charge conservation and quantization** govern rubbing processes where electrons transfer without creation. Total charge before and after remains equal, and any measured charge corresponds to n = q/e electrons, allowing counting of carriers from coulomb value. The torque on a dipole ( tau = pE sin θ ) acts to minimize potential energy, aligning the dipole with the field (where θ = 0 , torque = 0). This rotational force drives the dipole to a stable orientation parallel to the field. Substituting values gives Torque, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confir
Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electric Charges and Fields > Electric Charge, Quantization and Conservation
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