Regulation of blood glucose level is by
Mechanistically, bioenergetics and thermodynamics involves internal energy, enthalpy and pressure-volume work describe evaporation and combustion. This validates Opposing effects of insulin and glucagon because it satisfies first law and physiological energetics, a pattern repeatedly demonstrated in physiology and thermodynamics research.
Ref: Hill, Wyse and Anderson, Animal Physiology, 4th Edition, Chapter 7, Neurophysiology and Thermodynamics, discusses internal energy, enthalpy, work done, P(V2-V1), sweat evaporation and bioenergetics detailing physiological energy balance.
