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Ecological succession is the gradual process of change in species composition within an ecosystem over time.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Attributes - Birth Death Sex Ratio Age Distribution
Secondary succession occurs after disturbances like wildfires, where the soil remains intact, allowing for faster recovery.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Adaptations - Morphological Physiological Behavioural
Beta diversity represents species turnover among communities, habitats, or sites. It is high when local assemblages share few species and low when they are compositionally similar. Pairwise turnover can be measured with dissimilarity coefficients such as 1 minus Jaccard or Sørensen similarity, while regional multiplicative partitioning uses β = γ/α. Alpha diversity describes diversity within one local community, and gamma diversity is the pooled diversity across the wider region. Delta diversity is sometimes applied to turnover across larger geographic gradients, but beta is the standard betwe
Ref: NCERT Biology Class 12, Ch. 15 Biodiversity and Conservation
Ecological succession is the directional change in community composition and structure through time, often involving gradual replacement of one group of species by another. A disturbance or newly exposed habitat creates opportunities for colonists. Those organisms alter resource availability, soil, shade, moisture, or interactions, influencing which species establish next. Replacement can proceed through facilitation, tolerance, inhibition, or combinations of these processes. Succession differs from evolution, which is heritable change in populations across generations; species composition can
Ref: Ecology: Concepts and Applications, Molles, 9th Ed., Ch. 20
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