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Outside a spherical shell, the gravitational force acts as if all the mass is concentrated at the center. Since the mass is non-zero and the distance is finite, the force (F = GMmr2) cannot be zero.
Ref: Halliday & Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 11th ed., Chapter 13: Gravitation.
An object escapes if its total mechanical energy (E = KE+PE) is zero or positive. This occurs when its initial speed equals or exceeds the escape speed (ve = 2GMR), making energy the key factor.
Ref: Halliday & Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 11th ed., Chapter 13: Gravitation.
V = −GMmr, which is negative for bound systems and decreases (becomes more negative) as r decreases, making option 3 correct. As per NCERT, applying relevant law/formula with correct units and sign convention leads to It becomes more negative as objects approach. This satisfies dimensional consistency and physical conditions given, so option C is scientifically correct.
Ref: Halliday & Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 11th ed., Chapter 13: Gravitation.
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