#cancer therapy

Energy, Intensity and Momentum of EM Waves

Why are gamma rays used in medical applications to treat cancer?

**Momentum of EM wave** p = U/c, U energy, radiation pressure exerts force F = I A/c, small but measurable, comet tail pushed by sunlight, solar sail concept. For E₀=45 V/m, B₀=1.5×10⁻⁷ T, intensity I =0.5×3×10⁸×8.85×10⁻¹²×45²≈2.69 W/m². Gamma rays have very high energy and penetrating power due to their short wavelengths, allowing them to target and destroy cancer cells effectively. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields They destroy cancer cells, illustrating EM wave transverse nature and Maxwell's displacement current concept.

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Energy, Intensity and Momentum of EM Waves

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Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays and Their Properties

Why are X-rays used in medicine to treat certain forms of cancer?

**Gamma rays** λ10¹⁹ Hz, produced by nuclear transitions and radioactive decay, associated with nuclear processes because nuclear energy levels MeV vs atomic eV, highest photon energy, used in cancer treatment due to high penetration and cell damage, also sterilization, astronomy. The document explains that X-rays can damage or destroy living tissues, which makes them useful for targeting and destroying cancer cells. Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f, evaluation yields They destroy cancer cells, illustrating EM wave transverse nature and

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Electromagnetic Waves > Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays and Their Properties

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Immunological Applications

Immunotoxins are composed of:

Immunotoxins chimeric proteins integrating targeting domain derived monoclonal antibody and cytotoxic domain protein toxin to achieve picomolar potency against malignant cells expressing defined surface antigen. Antibody moiety typically Fab prime 50 kDa scFv 25 kDa composed heavy variable light variable domains connected glycine serine linker disulfide-stabilized Fv dsFv recognizing tumor antigens CD22 135 kDa hairy cell leukemia CD25 IL-2 receptor alpha cutaneous T-cell lymphoma mesothelin 40 kDa GPI-anchored mesothelioma pancreatic adenocarcinoma HER2 with affinity 1-10 nM. Toxin component

Ref: Pastan Annu Rev Med 2007 Immunotoxin Construction Principles Review; FDA Lumoxiti Moxetumomab Design Label; Janeway Immunotoxin Antibody Toxin Fusion Mechanism.

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Cancer

Imatinib is used in cancer therapy because it inhibits

ATP-binding site of BCR–ABL kinase, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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Cancer

BCR–ABL fusion protein shows constitutive activity of

Tyrosine kinase, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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