Practice question

**Fundamental property of charge** includes additivity and quantization, meaning net charge equals algebraic sum of constituents and each is multiple of e. When rod loses charge, electron removal is inferred, and n = q/e gives transferred count. E = (k q/r²) . 6 × 10³ = 9 × 10⁹ × (q/(0.54)²) . q = (6 × 10³ × 0.2916/9 × 10⁹) = 1.944 × 10⁻⁷ C . Substituting values gives 1.944 × 10⁻⁷ C, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.