Practice question

**Resistivity temperature variation** ρ_t = ρ₀[1+α(T-T₀)], α ≈4×10⁻³ /°C for copper, 1.7×10⁻⁴ /°C for nichrome. Given R=60 Ω at 30°C, α=1.7×10⁻⁴ /°C, T=330°C, ΔT=300°C, R_t=60[1+1.7×10⁻⁴×300]=60×1.051=63.06 Ω, modest increase for nichrome due to small α. Resistance R = rho l / A . As l to 0 , R to 0 , but resistivity ( rho ) is a material property that remains finite, ensuring R is small but non-zero unless l = 0 exactly, which is impractical. Applying I = n e A v_d, R = ρ l/A, R_t = R₀[1+αΔT], Kirchhoff's ΣI=0, ΣV=0, R_eq series/parallel, V = ε - I r and P =