Practice question

**Conductor in electrostatic equilibrium** has E=0 inside, charges reside on surface, potential constant throughout conductor. Hollow shell with no internal charge has zero field inside cavity, even if external field present, charges on outer surface screen interior, principle used in Faraday cage. The electric field E is related to potential V by E = -(dV/dx) . If V varies linearly with distance ( V = kx + c ), then (dV/dx) = k , a constant. Thus, E = -k , meaning the electric field is uniform (constant magnitude and direction) in the direction opposite to the gradient of V , consistent with a linear