Practice question

**Electrostatic shielding** inside hollow conducting shell field zero when no charges inside, regardless of external field, because free charges redistribute on outer surface to cancel external field inside conductor, E=0 inside material in equilibrium, consequence of Gauss's law and conductor property. For a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium, the potential is constant throughout its volume and surface because E = 0 inside, so no work is done moving a charge within. However, for an irregular shape, the surface charge density sigma varies (higher at sharper regions due to higher curvature), affecting the field just outside ( E = (sigma/ε₀) ). Despite this, the potential V on