Practice question

**Semiconductor properties** distinguish from conductors and insulators by temperature dependence and doping response. At 0 K intrinsic acts as insulator, conductivity due to thermally generated electron-hole pairs, number of outer electrons 4 for Si/Ge forming covalent bonds, each atom shares electrons, crystal with N atoms has 4N valence electrons, 2N bonds. Resistivity ( rho ) distinguishes materials: metals have low resistivity ( 10⁻² to 10⁻⁸ Ω m ), semiconductors intermediate ( 10⁻⁵ to 10⁶ Ω m ), and insulators high ( 10¹⁰ to 10¹⁹ Ω m ). Among the options, insulators have the highest resistivity. Substituting values gives Insulators, which matches expected behaviour for this