Practice question

**Energy in EM wave** equally divided between electric and magnetic fields, energy density u = ½ ε₀ E² + B²/(2μ₀) = ε₀ E² = B²/μ₀, average u_avg = ½ ε₀ E₀², intensity I = c u_avg = ½ c ε₀ E₀² = E₀ B₀/(2μ₀) = c B₀²/(2μ₀), radiation pressure p = I/c for absorption, 2I/c for reflection. The speed of light in vacuum is determined by the fundamental constants of permittivity ( ε₀ ) and permeability ( μ₀ ), independent of frequency, as c = (1/√(μ₀ ε₀)) . Using c = fλ, E₀/B₀ = c, I_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt, and spectrum classification λ = c/f,