Practice question

**Modes of energy transfer** work is force times displacement, e.g., gas expansion W = P ΔV, heat is due to temperature gradient, internal energy change same for different combinations of Q and W, e.g., same ΔU can be achieved by adding heat at constant volume or doing work adiabatically, illustrating equivalence but distinction in mechanism. Δ Q = μ C_p Δ T . μ = 0.5 , C_p = 29.1 , Δ T = 450 - 300 = 150 . Δ Q = 0.5 × 29.1 × 150 = 2182.5 J . Using first law ΔU = Q - W, W = ∫ P dV,