Practice question

**Conductivity** σ = 1/ρ = n e² τ/m (S/m), τ relaxation time, m electron mass. Resistivity deviation at high fields occurs when τ depends on E or n changes due to impact ionization, breaking Ohm's law, seen in varistors, gas discharge. Balance condition: (R₁/R₂) = (R₃/R₄) . Substitute: (18/36) = (12/R₄) . Solve: 0.5 = (12/R₄) ⇒ R₄ = (12/0.5) = 24 Ω . Applying I = n e A v_d, R = ρ l/A, R_t = R₀[1+αΔT], Kirchhoff's ΣI=0, ΣV=0, R_eq series/parallel, V = ε - I r and P = I²R, evaluation yields 24 Ω,