Practice question

**Thermal equilibrium** achieved when temperatures equal, zeroth law allows definition of temperature, quasi-static process approximates equilibrium at each step, enabling calculation of work as area under P-V curve, reversible processes are quasi-static without dissipative effects. Isochoric: (P₁)/(T₁) = (P₂)/(T₂) . P₁ = 5 atm , T₁ = 20 + 273 = 293 K , T₂ = 60 + 273 = 333 K . (5)/(293) = (P₂)/(333) ⇒ P₂ = (5 × 333)/(293) ≈ 5.68 atm . Using first law ΔU = Q - W, W = ∫ P dV, isobaric W = P ΔV, isothermal W = n R T ln(V₂/V₁), adiabatic P V^γ =