In forward bias, the effective barrier height of a p-n junction is:
In forward bias, the applied voltage ( V ) opposes the built-in potential ( V_0 ), reducing the effective barrier height to V_0 - V, allowing more carriers to cross the junction.
Ref: NCERT Physics Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII, continuing as per NCERT advisory for 2026-27),Topic: Fundamental laws, definitions and applications as per latest NCERT. The section explains governing laws, formulas like μ₀ = 4π.