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Basics of Inheritance

Segregation of sister chromatids occurs during

Segregation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase II of meiosis when centromeric cohesin is cleaved by separase, sister kinetochores pulled toward opposite poles. At this stage cells are already haploid after meiosis I, so division resembles mitotic separation, maintaining ploidy while distributing recombinant chromosomes carrying crossover products. Chromatids bearing different alleles after exchange go to distinct gametes. Anaphase I separates homologs, metaphase I aligns bivalents, prophase II prepares spindle without segregation, timing critical for haploid gamete fidelity. Cytological correlation with prophase pairing, metaphase alignment and anaphase separation provides visual anchor for memorising genetic laws.

Ref: Griffiths et al., Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 12th ed., Chapter 3: Meiosis II

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Basics of Inheritance

Segregation of homologous chromosomes occurs during

Segregation of homologous chromosomes occurs during anaphase I of meiosis after cohesion loss on chromosome arms and attachment of homologs to opposite spindle poles. Bivalents aligned at metaphase I disjoin, sister chromatids remain joined at centromeres, reducing chromosome number and physically enacting Mendel's law of segregation. This ensures alleles at loci separate to different daughter cells. Anaphase II separates sisters, metaphase I only aligns, prophase I enables recombination, proper homolog segregation depends on chiasmata and pseudoautosomal pairing. Mastery ensures accurate interpretation of monohybrid and dihybrid progeny arrays, distinguishing dominance interactions from epistasis or linkage effects.

Ref: Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 6th ed., Chapter 17: Anaphase I

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