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The depletion region forms due to diffusion, leaving behind immobile ionized donors (positive) on the n-side and ionized acceptors (negative) on the p-side, devoid of free charge carriers.
Ref: NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Units and Measurements and Physical World, Topic: Dimensional analysis and fundamental principles.
In forward bias, the applied voltage ( V ) opposes the built-in potential ( V_0 ), reducing the effective barrier height to V_0 - V, allowing more carriers to cross the junction.
Ref: NCERT Physics Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII, continuing as per NCERT advisory for 2026-27),Topic: Fundamental laws, definitions and applications as per latest NCERT. The section explains governing laws, formulas like μ₀ = 4π.
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