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Exons are the coding regions of genes that remain in mRNA after splicing and are translated into proteins.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Post-Transcriptional Modifications - Capping Splicing Polyadenylation
RNA splicing removes non-coding introns from pre-mRNA and joins the exons to form mature mRNA.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Post-Transcriptional Modifications - Capping Splicing Polyadenylation
Exon terminology from expressed region denotes segments of transcription unit that persist in mature messenger RNA after intron removal by spliceosome. Exons include both protein-coding stretches and non-coding 5' and 3' untranslated regions that influence stability and translation efficiency. In pre-mRNA, exon-intron boundaries defined by conserved GU at 5' splice site, AG at 3' site, and branch adenosine. Spliceosome catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions ligating exons. Because exon shuffling creates novel domain combinations, retention rather than removal defines exon functionally as information retained post-processing for export.
Ref: Alberts Chapter 6: Exon definition remains in mature mRNA after splicing; NCBI Bookshelf Splicing exonic retention mechanism
Eukaryotic protein-coding genes often contain non-coding intervening sequences interrupting coding potential. Philip Sharp and Richard Roberts discovered split gene organization in adenovirus and cellular genes, revealing primary transcripts contain introns removed by spliceosome. Interrupted or split gene refers to locus where exons encoding mature mRNA segments are separated by intronic DNA that is transcribed but excised. This architecture permits alternative splicing, exon shuffling and regulatory intronic elements. Bacterial genes generally lack introns, making split genes hallmark of nuclear genomes and some organellar genomes.
Ref: Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 9th ed., Chapter 7: Split Genes and Intervening Sequences, Sharp and Roberts
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