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#deviation

2 public questions tagged with this topic.

Refraction Through Prism and Minimum Deviation

In a prism, when light is incident at a very small angle, what is the approximate relationship between deviation and the

**Refraction through prism** deviation δ = i+e-A, minimum when i=e, symmetrical path, r₁=r₂=A/2, n = sin[(A+δ_m)/2]/sin(A/2). In water n_rel = n_prism/n_water =1.5/1.33=1.128, so δ_m reduces because relative index lower, new δ_m from formula with n_rel. For a thin prism with a small angle of incidence, the deviation is approximately equal to the product of the prism’s refractive index minus one and the prism angle (D ≈ (n - 1)A). This simplification holds because the angles of refraction are small, minimizing higher-order effects. Substituting values gives Deviation ≈ (n - 1) × prism angle, wh

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Ray Optics > Refraction Through Prism and Minimum Deviation

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Isochoric Processes and Pressure-Temperature

What is the primary reason a real gas deviates from the ideal gas equation?

**Pressure-temperature relation** at constant volume Gay-Lussac law P ∝ T, for V constant, P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂, if T doubles from 300 K to 600 K P doubles, e.g., P₁=1 atm at 300 K P₂=2 atm at 600 K, no work done, ΔU = n C_v ΔT = Q. Real gases deviate from the ideal gas equation ( P V = μ R T ) due to intermolecular forces, which are negligible in ideal gases but significant in real gases, especially at high pressures or low temperatures. Using first law ΔU = Q - W, W = ∫ P dV, isobaric W = P ΔV, isothermal

Ref: NCERT > Physics Book > Thermodynamics > Isochoric Processes and Pressure-Temperature

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