bar gene encodes:
Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase belongs to GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily capable of acetylating amino group of L-phosphinothricin using acetyl-CoA donor. Enzyme encoded by bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus comprises 183 amino acids, small globular protein with conserved motif A for acetyl-CoA binding. Catalytic mechanism involves formation of ternary complex and transfer of acetyl moiety to amino group of PPT, generating herbicidally inactive N-acetyl-PPT that does not interact with glutamine synthetase active site. In transgenic plants, PAT activity rapidly detoxifies incoming glufosinate in cytosol before it reaches chloroplast localized GS2 isoform. Transgene expression under strong constitutive promoter provides dose tolerance above field application rates, enabling over-the-top spray. Unlike EPSPS mutants that alter target affinity, PAT represents detoxification strategy. Enzyme has been extensively characterized biochemically and structural model shows narrow substrate specificity ensuring minimal impact on endogenous metabolites in engineered crops. Crystal structure of Streptomyces hygroscopicus PAT reveals acetyl-CoA binding pocket and substrate channel accommodating PPT. Mutagenesis studies identified catalytic tyrosine essential for acetyl transfer. Enzyme shows broad pH optimum 7 to 9 and does not acetylate proteinogenic amino acids, ensuring metabolic safety. Transgenic maize expressing bar under ubiquitin promoter tolerates 2 times field dose of glufosinate without yield penalty, supporting rotation of
Ref: Thompson EMBO J 1987 PAT acetylates PPT; Wehrmann Nat Biotechnol 1996 bar; NCBI NBK131103 bar encodes PAT; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK131103/