Practice question

Honeybees and other Hymenoptera utilize haplodiploid sex determination without sex chromosomes. Queens lay fertilized diploid eggs which develop into females, either reproductive queens or sterile workers depending on nutrition, and unfertilized haploid eggs developing via arrhenotokous parthenogenesis into haploid males drones. Mechanism involves complementary sex determiner locus csd; heterozygosity produces females through functional feminizer transformer splicing, hemizygosity or homozygosity yields males. No X, Y or Z system exists. Colony controls sex ratio by controlling fertilization, representing remarkable genetic and behavioral integration.